Kultura Sustatu

   Below is a list of the Basque musical instruments which appear in this study, based on the system explained above. It is similar to the system employed by Padre Donostia in his work entitled "Instrumentos de Música Popular Española" (Spanish Folk Instruments), in turn based on the E. Hornbostel and C. Sachs instrument classification.
   In this list we have included instruments still played today, instruments found up until fairly recently, and instruments which fell into disuse a long time ago; also included are instruments and toys used for different purposes.

1.- IDIOPHONES

A) Struck directly:
   Txalaparta, toberas, kirikoketa, percussion with gorse: hands, heels; sticks, swords
struck against one another; triangle.
B) Struck indirectly:
   Artxalus (small pieces of a hard material placed between the fingers and knocked against each other to make sound), castanets, spoons, kalaka (a kind of wooden rattle), hammer-rattle, bells, chimes, jingling disks of a tambourine, reed, kaskabeleta, kilikalaska, fingers (snapping), wren eggs, coconuts.
D) Rubbed or scraped:
   Carraca (rattle-type noise maker), bottles scraped with a stick or other instrument, bones, squeaking axle of a farm cart.
E) Plucked (flexible):
    Trump/Jew's harp/musugitarra/musumusika, rana (frog-shaped clacker toy with a metal tongue, which when pressed makes a clicking noise).

2.- MEMBRANOPHONES

   We will further classify this group according to how the sound is activated.
A) Struck with a stick or drumstick, or the hands:
   Tamboril, atabal, tambor, caja, bombo, pandero (different types and sizes of drums or tambourines).
B) Rubbed:
   Directly: pandero (tambourine)
   Indirectly, with vibrations emitted by means of a stick or string: eltzegorra, ttipiontzia/zambomba.
D) Vibrated by air (mirlitons):
   Tulurte, turuta/orrazia, paper instruments.

3.- CHORDOPHONES

   The music from these instruments is produced from the vibration of one or more taut strings. They may be either monodic or polyphonic, and usually have a resonating chamber. They can be classified into three groups, according to how the string or strings are activated:
A) Plucked:
   Lute, bandurria (Spanish mandolin), guitar, maniura (harp).
B) Bowed:
   Rabete (revel), violin, zarrabete, Arizkun "harp".
D) Struck:
   Ttun-ttun.

4.- AEROPHONES

   These instruments are classified according to how the air is vibrated.
A) Flutes:
   Vertical nose flutes:
   Toy whistles: txulubitas, txilibitu
   One-handed flutes: txistu, txirula, silbote
   Two-handed flutes: txilibito/txilibitu/txiflo
   Transverse flutes: cross flute, fife
   Other types of flutes and whistles: Zikiratzaile/txilibitu (panpipes), txulubita (piston), ocarina, txulubita (whistle made from an apricot stone), txulubita (tin whistle).

B) Reed instruments:
   Double-reed (oboe type): turuta, tutubi, sunpriñu, txanbela, dulzaina, gaita navarra
   Single-reed:
   - (dampered holes-clarinet type): turuta, cornet, alboka, clarinet
   - (free-playing): harmonica, accordion, diatonic accordion, small diatonic accordion, chromatic accordion
   Xirolarrus (bagpipe family): Xirolarru-bota (double reed), xirolarru-boha (single reed)
   Other types: lapwing birdcall

D) Buzzing lips/trumpet:
   Natural (no mechanical device): horn
   Chromatic (band instruments): trumpet, trombone, euphonium, tuba.
E) Free aerophones:
   Burrun, firringila, ziria