Euskararen presentzia gaur egungo prentsa elebidun abertzalean: Egin, Deia, Enbata, Ekaitza, Gara eta Le Journal du Pays Basque
108 bisita jaso dira
Autoretza:
Aitor Zuberogoitia Espilla
Zuzendaria:
Txema Ramirez de la Piscina Martinez
Unibertsitatea:
Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
Fakultatea:
Gizarte eta Komunikazio Zientzien Fakultatea
Saila:
Kazetaritza
Jakintza-arloa:
Kazetaritza
Urtea:
2003
|Tesi honek euskarak prentsa abertzale elebidun garaikidean daukan presentzia du ikergai. Abiatu, berriz, hipotesi honetatik abiatzen da: prentsa abertzale elebiduna aho biko ezpata da euskararentzat, batetik haren gutxieneko presentzia bermatzen duen bitartean, bestetik garapen kuantitatiboa mugatu eta kualitatiboki bere barne-ahalak taxuz garatzea eragozten diolako.
Ikerketa gauzatzeko metodologia hau baliatu dugu: bide deduktibotik abiatuta, elebitasunari buruzko literatura garrantzitsuena irakurri dugu lehenengo eta behin, egoera elebidunetan hizkuntza gutxituekin zer jazo ohi den azalduko lukeen esparru teorikoa eratze aldera. Behin hori eginda, izenburuan aipaturiko sei kazetak eta haien sorrera-ingurumaria ikertu ditugu, horretarako iturri zuzen eta zeharkakoak baliatuta. Iturri zuzenei gagozkiela, sei kazetak eurak aztertzeaz gain, teknika kualitatibo (focused interview-ak) eta, batez ere, kuantitatiboez (galdetegiak) baliatu gara. Behin kazetei buruzko informazio guztia bilduta, haietan euskarak daukan presentzia ikertu dugu, lagin aleatorio sistematikoa baliatuta. Puntu hauek ikertu ditugu batik bat:
1.- Argitalpen bakoitzaren orri-kopurua eta a) euskara hizkuntza nagusi den orrien ehunekoa b) nola-halako presentzia daukan orrien ehunekoa.
2.- Zeintzuk sailetan agertu ohi diren euskarazko artikuluak.
3.- Euskara, euskal kultura edota euskal gatazkarekin harremanik ba ote daukaten.
4.- Informazio ala iritzi generoetan sailkatzekoak ote diren.
5.- Richard Budden nabarmendura indizearen arabera daukaten garrantzia.
Ondorioak, berriz, hauek dira: euskaraz idatziriko iritzi artikuluek ikertutako kazetetan daukaten garrantzia, hizkuntza normalizatuetan iritzi generoak izan ohi duena baino handiagoa da, eta hori prentsa elebidunean euskara informazio generoan normala baino gutxiago erabiltzen den seinale da; euskarazko artikuluak askotan euskal gaiei buruzkoak dira, eta praktika hori euskara ghettoan hesitzeko modua izan daiteke; ondorio hori berresten du, gainera, euskarazko artikuluak sail jakin batzuetan sailkatzeko joerak; horrez gain, euskarazko idatziek batez beste ez dute garrantzi handirik Budd eskalaren arabera; azkenik, ikerturiko kazetetan euskara beti izan da egoera diglosikoan eta urteak igaro ahala bere presentzia jaitsi egin da azterturiko argitalpen guzti-guztietan.
Hori guztia gogoan, eta dedukziotik indukziora igarota, zera ondorioztatu dugu: prentsa elebidunaren eredua kale itsua da euskararentzat, eta, horregatik hain justu, pertsona eleanitzek osaturiko euskara hutsezko komunikazio esparru autozentratua trinkotzea proposatzen dugu, hizkuntza horren zentraltasuna bermatzeko alternatiba duin bakarra hori delakoan. This dissertation studies the presence of the Basque language in the contemporary bilingual nationalist press. Its initial hypothesis states that the bilingual abertzale press is a double-edged sword for Basque, since while on the one hand it ensures a minimum presence for the language, at the same time it limits its quantitative growth, while qualitatively it impedes the full development of its internal potential.
The research method followed was, first of all, to start deductively by reading the most important literature on bilingualism in order to develop a body of theory to explain what usually happens to minority languages in situations of bilingualism. Having done that, we studied the six newspapers mentioned in the title and their process of creation based on direct and indirect sources. For direct sources, in addition to examinig the six newspapers themselves, we made use of focused interviews and, in particular, questionnaires. When we had gathered all the information about the newspapers we examined the presence of Basque in them using systematic random samples, looking chiefly at the following points:
1. The number of pages in the publication, together with a) the proportion of pages in which the Basque language predominates, and b) the proportion of pages with any Basque at all.
2. In which sections the articles in Basque generally appear.
3. Their relevance to Basque language or culture or the Basque conflict.
4. Their classification as news or opinion items.
5. Their importance in terms of Richard Budd's relevance index.
The conclusions were as follows: in the newspapers studied the predominance of opinion articles in Basque is greater than that usual for such articles in normalised languages, which is an indication that the weight of Basque in news items is smaller than normal in the bilingual press; articles in Basque are often about Basque issues, which may amount to ghetto-ising the Basque language; this conclusion contributes to the tendency to classify Basque language articles into certain sections; furthermore, articles in Basque have a low level of relevance according to the Budd scale; finally, Basque has always been in a position of diglossia in the newspapers examined, and over time the presence of Basque has decreased in all of them.
On account of these observations and passing from deduction to induction, we conclude that the bilingual press is a dead-end road for the Basque language, and for that reason propose that an autonomous domain of communication in Basque only, constituted by multilingual people, should be consolidated as the only respectable alternative allowing the centrality of this language to be ensured.
